Building The Operational Data Store 2nd Edition Pdf: Learn from the Experts on ODS Architecture and

An operational data store (ODS) is used for operational reporting and as a source of data for the enterprise data warehouse (EDW). It is a complementary element to an EDW in a decision support environment, and is used for operational reporting, controls, and decision making, as opposed to the EDW, which is used for tactical and strategic decision support.

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An ODS is a database designed to integrate data from multiple sources for additional operations on the data, for reporting, controls and operational decision support. Unlike a production master data store, the data is not passed back to operational systems. It may be passed for further operations and to the data warehouse for reporting.

An ODS should not be confused with an enterprise data hub (EDH). An operational data store will take transactional data from one or more production systems and loosely integrate it, in some respects it is still subject oriented, integrated and time variant, but without the volatility constraints. This integration is mainly achieved through the use of EDW structures and content.

Because the data originates from multiple sources, the integration often involves cleaning, resolving redundancy and checking against business rules for integrity. An ODS is usually designed to contain low-level or atomic (indivisible) data (such as transactions and prices) with limited history that is captured "real time" or "near real time" as opposed to the much greater volumes of data stored in the data warehouse generally on a less-frequent basis.

The general purpose of an ODS is to integrate data from disparate source systems in a single structure, using data integration technologies like data virtualization, data federation, or extract, transform, and load (ETL). This will allow operational access to the data for operational reporting, master data or reference data management.

A data warehouse is a centralized repository of integrated data from one or more disparate sources. Data warehouses store current and historical data and are used for reporting and analysis of the data.

To move data into a data warehouse, data is periodically extracted from various sources that contain important business information. As the data is moved, it can be formatted, cleaned, validated, summarized, and reorganized. Alternatively, the data can be stored in the lowest level of detail, with aggregated views provided in the warehouse for reporting. In either case, the data warehouse becomes a permanent data store for reporting, analysis, and business intelligence (BI).

Choose a data warehouse when you need to turn massive amounts of data from operational systems into a format that is easy to understand. Data warehouses don't need to follow the same terse data structure you may be using in your OLTP databases. You can use column names that make sense to business users and analysts, restructure the schema to simplify relationships, and consolidate several tables into one. These steps help guide users who need to create reports and analyze the data in BI systems, without the help of a database administrator (DBA) or data developer.

Planning and setting up your data orchestration. Consider how to copy data from the source transactional system to the data warehouse, and when to move historical data from operational data stores into the warehouse.

You may have one or more sources of data, whether from customer transactions or business applications. This data is traditionally stored in one or more OLTP databases. The data could be persisted in other storage mediums such as network shares, Azure Storage Blobs, or a data lake. The data could also be stored by the data warehouse itself or in a relational database such as Azure SQL Database. The purpose of the analytical data store layer is to satisfy queries issued by analytics and reporting tools against the data warehouse. In Azure, this analytical store capability can be met with Azure Synapse, or with Azure HDInsight using Hive or Interactive Query. In addition, you will need some level of orchestration to move or copy data from data storage to the data warehouse, which can be done using Azure Data Factory or Oozie on Azure HDInsight.

As a general rule, SMP-based warehouses are best suited for small to medium data sets (up to 4-100 TB), while MPP is often used for big data. The delineation between small/medium and big data partly has to do with your organization's definition and supporting infrastructure. (See Choosing an OLTP data store.)

The data accessed or stored by your data warehouse could come from a number of data sources, including a data lake, such as Azure Data Lake Storage. For a video session that compares the different strengths of MPP services that can use Azure Data Lake, see Azure Data Lake and Azure Data Warehouse: Applying Modern Practices to Your App.

Do you want to separate your historical data from your current, operational data? If so, select one of the options where orchestration is required. These are standalone warehouses optimized for heavy read access, and are best suited as a separate historical data store.

Do you prefer a relational data store? If so, choose an option with a relational data store, but also note that you can use a tool like PolyBase to query non-relational data stores if needed. If you decide to use PolyBase, however, run performance tests against your unstructured data sets for your workload.

[2] HDInsight clusters can be deleted when not needed, and then re-created. Attach an external data store to your cluster so your data is retained when you delete your cluster. You can use Azure Data Factory to automate your cluster's lifecycle by creating an on-demand HDInsight cluster to process your workload, then delete it once the processing is complete.

[3] With Azure Synapse, you can restore a database to any available restore point within the last seven days. Snapshots start every four to eight hours and are available for seven days. When a snapshot is older than seven days, it expires and its restore point is no longer available.

[4] Consider using an external Hive metastore that can be backed up and restored as needed. Standard backup and restore options that apply to Blob Storage or Data Lake Storage can be used for the data, or third-party HDInsight backup and restore solutions, such as Imanis Data can be used for greater flexibility and ease of use.

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